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¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A§ÚÁÙµLªk«D±`²M·¡¦a©w¸qcivil society¤@µü¡A¥¦³QĶ¦¨¡u¥Á¶¡ªÀ·|¡v¡B¡u¥«¥ÁªÀ·|¡v©Î¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡v¡C¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡v³o­ÓĶªk¤ñ¸û²Å¦X³o­Ó¦Wµü¦b¦è¤èªº©w¸q¡A¨º¬O«ü¡u¤@­Ó­Ó¤H¦Û¥Ñ¬¡°Êªº»â°ì¡A³o­Ó»â°ì¿W¥ß©ó°ê®a»P®a±ÚÃö«Y©Î«Ê«Ø¯Ã±aªºÃ¿ÆX¡v¡A³o­Ó»â°ì¥]¬A¤¤²£¶¥¯Å¥H¤Î¨p¤Hªº¦Ûµo©Ê²Õ´¡C[3]¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¦bªÀ·|»P°ê®a¤§¶¡§êºt¤F¤@ºØÁpô»P´C¤¶ªº¥\¯à¡A³q±`´£¨Ñ¤@ºØ§Ü¿Å°ê®aªº¤O¶q¡v[4]¡CÃö©ó¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡vªºª§½×«D±`¦h¡A¤H­Ìª§½×¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡v¨s³º¬O¤£¬O¤Q¤K¡B¤Q¤E¥@¬öªº¼Ú¬w¡B¥H¤Î«á¦@²£®É¥NªF¼Ú»PĬÁp¯S¦³ªº²{¶H¡A©Î¬O©Ò¦³¥Á¥DªÀ·|©Ò¦@¦P¾Ö¦³ªº¯S½è¡C¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¬O§_´¿¸g¥X²{¹L¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡v¡H¥xÆW¬O¤£¬O¤w¸g¦³¤F©Ò¿×ªº¡u¤½¥ÁªÀ·|¡v¡H

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[1]  Before 1986, all religious groups had to register as lawful organizations with the Ministry of the Interior (MOI), while each year the number of fully-ordained nuns and monks was registered with the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China, BAROC. After 1986, monasteries holding annual ordinations were no longer required to register with BAROC, although most do. Also, the MOI¡¦s statistics are vague and may not distinguish Buddhism from popular religion, etc.

[2]  I interviewed Master Wu Yin, head of the Luminary Buddhist Seminary in Jiayi; Ven. Ming Jia of Jiayi; their disciples; Ven. Heng Ching of National Taiwan University; Ven. Jien Shen of Hsuan Chuang University; Ven. Shan Hui of Chien Kuang Temple; Vens. Guang Guo and Xian Yue of Ling Jiu Shan Monastery; Prof. Jiang Canteng; Prof. Lu Hwei-syin; and Professor Li Yuchen. Many thanks to Dr. Dominique Tyl of Fu Jen University¡¦s Socio-Cultural Research Center who carried out a phone survey of Taipei Buddhist temples.

[3]  Robert P. Weller, Alternate Civilities: Democracy and Culture in China and Taiwan, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999),  p. 14.

[4]  Timothy Brook and B. Michael Frolic, eds, Civil Society in China, (NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 9.

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