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1.µÜ¥¬¥§¯÷¡]Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm¡A1642¡ã1716¡^[1]

¦bµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷©ÒµÛªº¡m¯«¸q¾Ç¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤¡A°Ï¤À¥X¤TºØ´c¡G¡u´c¥i¤À§O¥H§Î¤W¾Ç¡Bª«²z¾Ç©M¹D¼wµ¥¨¤«×¬Ý¡A§Î¤W¾Çªº´c¬é¬O¤£§¹¬ü¡Aª«²zªº´c¦b©ó¾D­WÃø¡A¦Ó¹D¼w´c«h¬O¸o¡C¡v[2]¨Ã»¡©ú§Î¤W¾Ç¤§´cªº¨â­Ó¤@¯ë©Ê­ì²z¡G

¡]1¡^´c¥»¨­¤D¥Ñ¡u¯Ê¥F¡v¡]privation¡^©Òºc¦¨¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Ñ¿n·¥ªÖ©wªºª«Åé©Òºc¦¨¡A©Ò¥H¥¿½T¦a»¡¡A´c¨S¦³°Ê¤O¦]¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¥Ñ¡u°Ê¤O¦]¤£°_§@¥Îªº¨Æª«©Òºc¦¨¡A¨º´N¬O¬°¤°»ò¤hªL­õ¾Ç®a²ßºÙ´c¤§­ì¦]¬°¯Ê³´¡]dificient¡^¡C¡v[3]¡C

¡]2¡^¤W«Ò¤@ÂI¤]¤£·N±ý¹D¼wªº´c¡A¦Ó¥u¬O¤¹³\¥¦¦s¦b¡A¦Ó©óª«²zªº¸o´c©Î­WÃø¡AÍ¢¤]¤£¬Oµ´¹ï¦a·N±ý¡A¦Ó¥u¬O°²©w¦a·N±ý¡CÄ´¦p¡A°²©wª«²z´c¥i¥H§@¬°¹F¨ìµ½¥Øªºªº¤u¨ã¡F½Ñ¦p¯àÀ°§U¨üÃøªÌ¹F¨ì§ó¤jªº§¹¬ü¡C

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¡]1¡^¡u§Î¤W´c¡v»P¨ü³yª«ªº¤£§¹º¡

§Î¤W¾Çªº¡u´c¡v¬O¤£§¹º¡¤§·N¡C±q§¹º¡ªº¤W«Ò¤¤¾É¥X¤@¤Á¨ü³yªº¦s¦³¡A¨ü³yª«¥²µM¬O¦³­­ªº¡A¦¹¤@¦³­­¦s¦³ªº¦Û¨­¡A§Y¬O¤£§¹º¡ªº¡A¤]¥¿¬O©Ò¦³¿ù»~»P¸o´c¥i¯àµo¥Íªº®Ú·½¡C

¦]¦¹¡A¡u´c¡vªº²×·¥°_·½¬OÄÝ©ó§Î¤W¾Çªº¡C¦ý¬O°ÝÃDÀH¤§¦Ó°_¡G±q¡u¤W«Ò³Ð³y¤F¥@¬É¡A¦]¦Ó½á»P¨ü­­¨î¦Ó¤£§¹º¡¤§¨Æª«ªº¦s¦b¡v³o¥ó¨Æ¹ê¨Ó»¡¡A¤W«Ò¬°¦ó¤£¥²¬°´cªº²£¥Í­t³d©O¡HµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷ªº¦^µª¬O¡G¡u¦s¦b¤ñ¤£¦s¦b¦n¡C¤W«Ò³Ð³y¸Uª«ªº·N§Ó¬Oµ½ªº¡A¦ý¬O¨ü³yª«ªº¤£§¹º¡¨Ã«D¨ú¨M©ó¯«ªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¦Ó¬O¨ú¨M©ó¨ü³yª«¤§²z·Q¥»©Ê¡]ideal nature¡^¡A©Ò¥H¤W«Ò¤£±o¤£¿ï¾Ü³Ð³y¤£§¹º¡ªº¦s¦³¡C¦ý¬OµL½×¦p¦ó¡AÍ¢Á`¬O¿ï¾Ü³Ð³y³Ì¦nªº¥i¯à¥@¬É¡C¡v[4]

¡]2¡^¡uª«²z´c¡v»P¡u¹D¼w´c¡v¬O¡u§Î¤W´c¡vªº¥²µMµ²ªG

¦b³B²zª«²z´c©M¹D¼w´cªº°ÝÃD®É¡AµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷¹w³]¤F¥Lªº§Î¤W¾Ç¥ß³õ¡A©Ò¥H¥D±i³o­Ó¥@¬É¬O³Ì¦nªº¥i¯à¥@¬É¡A¥L»{¬°¡u­WÃø©M©Çª«³£¬O¯´§Çªº¤@³¡¥÷¡v[5]¦Ó¥B¡A³o­Ó¥@¬Éªºª«²zµ½­n¤ñª«²z´c¨Ó±o¦h¡C¦AªÌ¡A­WÃø¡]ª«²z´c¡^¬O¡u¹D¼w´c¡vªºµ²ªG¡F¦]¬°µh­W¡]ª«²z´c¡^¬O¹ï©ó¸o´cªºÃg»@¡A¤]¬O¦¨¥þµ½ªº¤â¬q¡C¦s¦b©ó³o­Ó¥@¬É¤Wªº´c¡AÄÝ©ó¾ã­ÓÅé¨t¤¤ªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A¶·¥H¾ãÅéµø¤§¡A¨Ò¦p¼v¤l¯à¨Ï¥ú½u¥YÅã±o§ó¬°ÂA©ú¡C±q§Î¤W¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¦Ó¨¥¡AµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷¦³·N¨Ï´c¦¨¬°¥²µM¡C

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³o·t¥ÜµÛ¤Hªº´c¦æ¥]§t¦b¯«ªº²z¸Ñ¤§¤¤¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¤H¥»½èªº¤£§¹¬ü»P­­¨î©Ò®i²{¡C¦b³o¼h·N¸q¤W¡A´c¦æ¦ü¥G¬O¥²µMªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬O§Î¤W¾Çªº¥²µM¡CµM¦Ó°£¤F´N¯«¿ï¾Ü³Ð³y¦¹¸q¥H¥~¡A´c¨Ã¤£¨ú¨M©ó¯«ªº·N©À¡C

2.±d¼w¡]Kant, Immanuel¡A1724¡ã1804¡^[8]

±d¼w¦b¡m³æ¦b²z©Ê½d³ò¤ºªº©v±Ð¡n(Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone)[9]¤@®Ñ¤¤¡A¹ï©ó¡u¤H©Ê¡v´£¥X¤F¡u®Ú¥»´c ¡v(radical evil) ªº¥D±i¡C

1)¤H©Êµ½´c²V»P¦V´cªº©ÊÂ}

±d¼wÂk¯Ç¶Ç²Î¹ï©ó¤Hªº¡u¦ÛµMªº¥»©Ê¡vªº¤TºØ¬Ýªk¡A§Y¡G¤@¡B¡u¤H©Ê¦V´c½×¡v¡A¥D±i¤Hªº¦ÛµM¥»©Ê¬O´cªº¡A¶É¦V©ó´cªº¡F¤G¡B¡u¤H©Ê¦Vµ½½×¡v¡A»{¬°¤Hªº¦ÛµM¥»©Ê¬Oµ½ªº¡A¶É¦V©óµ½ªº¡F¤T¡B¡u¤H©Ê©~¶¡½×¡v¡A¤Hªº¦ÛµM¥»©Ê¬J«Dµ½¥ç«D´c¡A¤]©Ê¦VµL¤Àµ½´c¡A¬J¬Oµ½¤S¬O´c¡A¤]´N¬O©Ê¦V¤¤¦P¨ãµ½»P´cªº©Ê½è¡C

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±q²{¶Hªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤Hªº¦æ¬°¬Oµ½¬O´c¡A¨Ã¨S¦³µ´¹ïªº¼Ð·Ç¡A¥Ñ©óµ½»P´c¨Ã¥ß¡A¬G¤Hªº¥»©Ê¡]¦ÛµMªº¤H©Ê¡^µL¤Àµ½´c¡A©ÎªÌµ½´c¬Û²V¡A¬Jµ½¥B´c¡A©Ò¥HºÙ¬°¡u¤H©Ê©~¶¡½×¡v¡A³o¬OµÛ²´©ó¤H©Êªº¦ÛµM¯À½èªº¤H©Ê½×¡C¦AªÌ¡A§ó±q¥»Åé½×ªº¨¤«×¡A¥D±i¤Hªº¥»©Ê¡]»ù­Èªº¤H©Ê¡^¯ÂµM¬Oµ½ªº¡A³o¬O»ù­Èªº¤H©Ê½×¡AºÙ¤§¡u¹D¼w©³§Î¤W¾Ç¡v¡]metaphysics of moral¡^¡C

±d¼w±q²{¶H¬Éªº¸gÅ礤¡A±o¥X¤Hªº¦ÛµM¥»©Ê¬O¦³µ½¦³´cªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨Ã¶i¤@¨B¤ÀªR¤§¡C¨ä¤¤¡A¦ÛµM¤H©Ê¤¤¦³¦Vµ½ªº¤~¯à¡A¤]¦³¦V´cªº¡u©ÊÂ}¡v[10]¡]¼w¤åHang¡A­^Ķ¬°propensity¡^¡A¥Lªº¸Ñ»¡¬O¡G

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2)´cªº®Ú·½

±d¼w»{¬°¡A´c¤£¥i¯à¥X©ó·P©Ê»P²z©Ê¡C²z¥Ñ¬O¡G¤@¡B­Y¥H·P©Ê§@¬°´cªº®Ú·½¡A«h¡u©Ò§t¤Ó¤Ö¡v¡A¨Ã¤£«ê·í¡C¦]¬°·P©Ê¬O¤¤©Êªº¡A¬O¥iµ½¥i´cªº¡A¤£¥²¥þµM¬O´c¡F¦AªÌ¡A­Y´c¥X©ó·P©Ê¡A«h§^¤H«K¤£»Ý¹ï¥¦­Ìªº¦s¦b­t³d¡A¦]¬°·P©Ê¬O»P¥Í­Ñ¨Ó¡A¬O¨M©w¡]©R©w¡^¦a¦s¦bªº¡Cªp¥B¡A¤H­Y¨S¦³§@¥Xµ½¦æ©Î´c¦æªº¦æ°Ê¦Û¥Ñ¡A¨º»ò¤H¥u¬O¯ÂµMªº°Êª«¡A¤]¤£¥²¬°´c­t³d¡C¤G¡B­Y¥H²z©Ê§@¬°´cªº®Ú·½¡A«h¡u©Ò§t¤Ó¦h¡v¡A¥ç¤£¦X²z¡G¦]¬°²z©Ê¡]·N§Ó¡^´N¬O¹D¼wªk«h¥»¨­¡A¬Oµ´¹ï¦aµ½ªº¡A»¡¥¦¬O´c¡A«h¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þ¡C±d¼w«ü¥X¡A¦pªG©Ó»{¦³¤@´cªº²z©Ê¡]·N§Ó¡^¡A«h·|±N¤HÅܦ¨¬°¤@´cÅ]©Êªº¦s¦³¡C

©Ò¥H±d¼w»{¬°¡A´cªº©ÊÂ}¥u¯à¦b¦Û¥Ñªº·N©À¡]¦Û¥Ñ¨M·N¡^¤¤´M±o¡F¦p¦¹¡A¹D¼wªº´c¤~¥i¥H³QÂk©S»P³d³Æ¡C¥L¥H¡u®Ú¥»´c¡v(radical evil)¨ÓºÙ¿×¦¹ºØ´cªº®Ú·½¡A¦]¬°¥¦±ÑÃa¤F¤@¤Á®æ¨¥¤§®Ú·½¡A¦Ó¥B¡A¤]¥Ñ©ó¥¦¬O¤@¦ÛµMªº©ÊÂ}¡A¬O¤H©Ê¥»¦³ªº¡A¬G¤£¯à¦]¤Hªº¤O¶q¦Ó®Ú°£¡C

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­Y¨Ì¡u´c¡vªº¼s¸q¡A¥H°l¨s¦è­õ©Ò¿×¡u¦ÛµM´c¡v»P¡u¥Í²z´c¡v¡]¦ò®aºÙ¤§¬°¡u­W¡v¡^ªº®Ú·½¡A¨º»ò¡A«e­z½Ñ®a¾Ç»¡¡A©Î¦h©Î¤Ö·|ª`·N¥¦»P¡u¹D¼w´c¡vªºÃöÁp©Ê¡C¦ý¨Ã«D©Ò¦³¾Ç»¡³£±N¡u´c¡v»P¡u­W¡v©ú½T©w¦ì¬°¡u¦]ªGÃö«Y¡v¡A¥ç§Y¡A¨Ã«D©Ò¦³¾Ç»¡³£ÃÙ¦P¥H¡u´c¡v¬°¡u­W¡vªº®Ú·½¡C§Y¨Ï¬O¦ò±Ð­õ¾Ç¡A¤]¥u¯à»¡¡G¤Z´c¥²©Û·P­W¡A¦ý¨Ã«D©Ò¦³­W³£¥²µM¨Ó¦Û©ó´c¡C¦ý¥»¤å¤@¶}©l´N¥ý¿ï¨ú¡u´c¡vªº¯U¸q§@¬°°Q½×ªº°ò·Ç¡A­­©ó½g´T¡A¦³Ãö­Wªº®Ú·½°ÝÃD¡A¡u´c¡v»P¡u­W¡vªºÃöÁp©Ê°ÝÃD¡A¤D¦Ü©ó¡u´c¡vªº­Û²z¾Ç·N²[¥H¤Î¬ÛÃö°ÝÃD¡A±N«Ýº¸«á¶i¤@¨B½×¨s¤§¡C

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1.      ¥¬¾|®æ½sµÛ¡A¶µ°hµ²½sĶ¡G¡m¦è¬v­õ¾ÇÃã¨å¡n¡A»O¥_¡GµØ­»¶é¡A¤@¤E¤E¤G¦~¤K¤ë¡A¼W­q¤Gª©¡C

2.      Robert Audi­^¤å¥D½s¡G¡m¼C¾ô­õ¾ÇÃã¨å¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¿ßÀYÆN¡A¤G¡³¡³¤G¦~¡C

3.      Peter A. AngelesµÛ¡G¡m­õ¾ÇÃã¨å¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¿ßÀYÆN¡A¤G¡³¡³¡³¦~¡C

4.      »²¤¯¯«¾ÇµÛ§@½sĶ·|¡G¡m¯«¾ÇÃã¨å¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¥ú±Ò¡A¤@¤E¤E¤»¦~¤»¤ë¡C

5.      ­³¬F³q¥D½s¡G¡m¤¤°ê­õ¾ÇÃã¨å¤j¥þ¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¤ô¤û¡A¤@¤E¤E¥|¦~¤C¤ë¡C

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1.      ¨D¨º¶[ªûùĶ¡G¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¡A¡i¤j¥¿Âáj¤G¥U¡C

2.      ­ð¡EµÐ´£¬y§ÓĶ¡G¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡A¡i¤j¥¿Âáj¤Q¤@¥U¡C

3.      °¨»ï³y¡A±ç¡E¯u¿ÍĶ¡G¡m¤j­¼°_«H½×¡n¡A¡i¤j¥¿Âáj¤T¤G¥U¡C

¤@¯ë®Ñ¥Ø¡X¡X

1.      Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of English Dominican Province, Ottawa, College Dominic and Ottawa, 1941, First Part¡C

2.      David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, ed. John Vladimir Price, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976¡C

3.      Frederick CoplestonµÛ¡AñKÀA­Û¡A³¯©úºÖĶ¡G¡m¦è¬v­õ¾Ç¥v¡n²Ä¥|¨÷¡A»O¥_¡G¾¤©ú¡A¤@¤E¤E¤T¦~¤K¤ë¡Aªìª©¤G¨ê¡C

4.      ¦È©v¤T¡G¡m¤ßÅé»P©ÊÅé¡n¡]¤@¡^¡A»O¥_¡G¥¿¤¤¡A¤@¤E¤E¤K¤K¤ë¡A¤Q¤@¨ê¡C

5.      ±i©§¦~¡G¡m¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç¤jºõ¡n¡Aªe¥_¡G¤H¥Á¡A¤@¤E¤T¤C¦~¡C

6.      ±i¥ß¤å¡G¡m¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç½dÃ¥µo®i¥v¡n¡u¤H¹D½g¡v¡A»O¥_¡G¤­«n¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¤@¤ë¡Aªìª©¡C

7.      ³Ò«ä¥ú¡G¡m·s½s¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç¥v¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¤T¥Á¡A¤@¤E¤E¤E¦~¤G¤ë¡A¼W­q¤Eª©¡C

8.      Ailster E. McGrath ³Á¸¯ºÖµÛ¡A¼B¨}²Q¡B¤ý·çµa¦XĶ¡A¡m°ò·þ±Ð¯«¾Ç¤â¥U¡n¡A»O¥_¡G®Õ¶é®Ñ©Ð¡A¤G¡³¡³¤T¦~¥|¤ëªìª©¥|¨ê¡C

9.      Alister E. McGrath½s¡A·¨ªø¼zĶ¡A¡m°ò·þ±Ð¯«¾Ç­ì¨åµ×µØ¡n¡§ The Christian theology reader ¡¨¡A»O¥_¡G®Õ¶é®Ñ©Ð¡A¤G¡³¡³¤T¦~ªìª©¤T¨ê¡C

10.  KantµÛ¡A§õ¬î¹sĶ¡G¡m³æ¯Â²z©Ê¬É­­¤ºªº©v±Ð¡n¡]Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone¡^¡A­»´ä¡Gº~»y°ò·þ±Ð¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡C

11.  ¼B®Û¼Ð¡G¡q½×±d¼wªº®Ú¥»´c»¡¡X¡X­Ý²¤½×¥H¦¹»¡¤ñ¸û¾§®a©Êµ½½×ªº§½­­¡r¡A¤G¡³¡³¥|¦~¡Ahttp://www.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/~kwaipiu/paper/gart3.htm¡C

 


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[1] Frederick CoplestonµÛ¡AñKÀA­Û¡A³¯©úºÖĶ¡G¡m¦è¬v­õ¾Ç¥v¡n²Ä¥|¨÷¡A»O¥_¡G¾¤©ú¡A¤@¤E¤E¤T¦~¤K¤ë¡Aªìª©¤G¨ê¡A­¶¥|¤G¤»¦Ü¥|¤T¡³¡C

[2] Leibniz, ¡§Theodicy¡FEssays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil¡¨¡]¡m¯«¸q¾Ç¡F½×¤W«Òªºµ½©Ê¡A¤Hªº¦Û¥Ñ»P´cªº°_·½¡n¡^¡CTheodicy,21, p.136¡]page references to the Theodicy are to the tanslation by E M. Huggard, listed in the Appendix¡^¡FG. ,6,115.

[3] Theodicy,20¡FG. , 6,115.¦¹«ü¶ø¥j´µ¤B©Ò´£¥Xªº»¡ªk¡C¡]Theodicy, 378, p. 352¡FG. , 6, 340.¡^

[4] ¦P¤W¡C

[5] Theodicy, 241,p. 276¡FG. , 6,261.

[6] ¦¹¦p¬f©Ô¹Ï¾Ç¬£¡B¶ø¥j´µ¤B©M¤hªL­õ¾Ç®a©Ò»¡¡C

[7] Theodicy, 31, pp. 141-2 ; G. , 6,121.

[8] ¥»¬q¸¨¼x¤Þ¼B®Û¼Ð¡G¡q½×±d¼wªº®Ú¥»´c»¡¡X¡X­Ý²¤½×¥H¦¹»¡¤ñ¸û¾§®a©Êµ½½×ªº§½­­¡r¡A¤G¡³¡³¥|¦~¡Ahttp://www.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/~kwaipiu/paper/gart3.htm ¡C

[9] KantµÛ¡A§õ¬î¹sĶ¡G¡m³æ¯Â²z©Ê¬É­­¤ºªº©v±Ð¡n¡]Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone¡^¡A­»´ä¡Gº~»y°ò·þ±Ð¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡C

[10] ¬Û¸û©ó¦Vµ½©Ê¥Î¡u¤~¯à¡v¡A±d¼w¥H¡u´cÂ}¡vºÙ¦V´c©Ê¡AÅãµMµÛ²´©ó´c¬O­t­±ªº¯à¤O¡C

[11] ±d¼wÁöµM¨S¦³©ú½T¤À§O¡u®Ú·½¡v»P¡u°_·½¡v¤§¤£¦P¡A¦ý¼B®Û¼Ð«ü¥X¡A¦b¡m©v±Ð¡n²Ä¤T¡B¥|¸`ªº¤å¬q±Ô­z¤¤¡A½T¦³¦¹¤G¸q¤§°Ï§O¡Cµ§ªÌ»{¬°¡A«eªÌ½×´cªº¡u©Ò¨Ì³B¡v¡A«áªÌ«h°l¨s´c¦b¡u®É¶¡¡v¤Wªº°_©l¡A¶·ª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦¹®É¶¡¤£¬O¦b­Ó¤H¨­¤Wµo¥Íªº²Ä¤@®É¶¡¡A¦Ó¬O´c¦b¥@¶¡µo¥Íªº©lªì®É¶¡¡C

[12] ¦pÀs¾ð©ÒµÛ¡m¤¤Æ[½×¹|¡n¤¤ªº¡u¤K¤£¤¤¹D¡v»¡¡C

[13] ¦p¡mÂøªü§t¸g¡n¡G¡u ©óµL©l¥Í¦º¡CµL©ú©Ò»\¡C·Rµ²©Òô¡Cªø©]½ü°j¡C¤£ª¾­W¤§¥»»Ú¡C¡v¡]¨D¨º¶[ªûùĶ¡G¡mÂøªü§t³¡T2¡n¨÷¤Q¡A¡i¤j¥¿Âáj¤G¥U¡A­¶¤»¤E¤¤¡C¡^

[14] ¦p¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¡G¡u¦p¨ÓÂê̬Oªk¬ÉÂáA¡K¡K¦¹¥»©Ê²b¡C¡KÁa¬°«È¹Ð·Ð´o©Ò¬V¡AµS¬O¤£¥i«äij¦p¨Ó¹Ò¬É¡C¦ó¥H¬G¡H¥@´L¡I«b¨º«b¨ºµ½¡B¤£µ½¤ß¡A«È¹Ð·Ð´o©Ò¤£¯à¬V¡C¡v¡]­ð¡EµÐ´£¬y§ÓĶ¡G¡m¤jÄ_¿n¸g¡n¨÷¤@¦Ê¤@¤Q¤E¡A¡i¤j¥¿Âáj¤Q¤@¥U¡A­¶¤»¤C¤C¤U¡C¡^

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