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ªþ µù

1. Stephen R.L.Clark, The Moral Status of Animals, p.31.

2. Arthur O. Lovejoy ¤ÎGeorge Boas¦XµÛªº¡m¥j¥N¤¤ªº­ì©l¦æ¬°©M¬ÛÃöÆ[©À¡n(Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity) (New York : Octagon Books, 1965)24-31­¶¡A¹ï¥»³¹¤§µo®i¬Æ¦³À°§U¡C

3. »®§Æº¸¡A´Ý¨÷82 (216) (Rzach, Leipzig, 1902)¤]¨£¬f©Ô¹Ï¡m¦@©M°ê¡n(416E)¤Î¡mªk«ß¡n(625C)¤¤ªº³\¦h¬q¸¨¡C

4. Johannes Haussleiter, Der Vegetarismus in der antike¡]¥j¥Nªº¯À­¹¥D¸q¡^, I,3,4.

5. ¦P¤W¡AI,6.³Ò´µ(W.H.D.Rouse)¦b¡m¥j¥N§Æþ¤¤ªº¯«¡A­^¶¯»P¤H¡n(Gods,Heroes and Men of Ancient Greece) (New York : Mentor Books,1957)¤¤¶D»¡¤F§Æþ¯«¸Ü¤¤¯à°÷Åã¥Ü¥X­¹¤H¦æ¬°´¶¹Mªº¨ä¥L¬G¨Æ¡G¿à¥d®¦(Lycaon)®³¤H¦×µ¹©z´µ­¹¥Î¡A¦Ó©z´µ¦]¥Í®ð«K¥Î¹p¹qÀ»¥L¡C(51­¶)©Z½ñ¼Ó´µ(Tantalos)§â¿Ë¥Í¤l»p¬¥´µ(Pelops)²iµNµ¹²³¯«¦Y¡A¦Ó²³¯«»@¥L¥h¦aº»¨ü³ø¡A³o¬O¼s¬°¤Hª¾ªº¡C(143­¶)¦AªÌ¡A¥v´£¥ï§Q¨È¤§³¾(the Styephaliam birds)¦Y­¹¤H¦×¡A¦p¦PÀ¹¶ø¦Ì©³(Diomedes)ªº°¨¤@¼Ë¡A¡]62-63­¶¡^¤H­±¨­©ÇÃ~¥±°Ç´µ(Pholos)¥Í¦Y¨ä¦×­¹¡AÁöµM¨Ã«D¤H¦×¡C(61­¶)§^¤H¥i¥H±oª¾¦ó¥H³Ò´µ«ÅºÙ¶øµá´µ(Orpheus)¦b¦¨¬°¯À­¹ªÌ¤§®ÉÂǵۨä¦aº»¤§®È¾Ç²ß¤F½Ñ¯«¤§´¼¼z¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦b³oºØ­¹¤H¦æ®|¤§­I´º³Q¦Ò¼{®É¡C(145­¶)Ãö©ó¶øµá«H®{(the Orphics)¥H¤Î²ü°¨¡A¤]¨£Evelyn Martinengo Cesaresco, ¡¨The Greek Conception of Animals,¡¨ Contemporary Review 85 (1904)¡G430-39¡C¦×Ãþ¤£¬O²ü°¨®É¥N§Æþ¤Hªº¸g±`©Ê­¹ª«¡A¦]¬°±þ®`°Êª«ªºÆ[©À¤´µMºò±K¦a»P©v±ÐªºÄ묹³sµ²¦b¤@°_¡C¦¹¤å§@ªÌ¤]³B²z¨ì¨Ì¯Á(Aesop)ªº¡q·à¤l¤ý°ê¡rªº¬G¨Æ¡A¥¦¨ì¤F¶Àª÷®É´Á¡C³Ì«á¡A¨£À¹«F(M.Detienne)¡A¡m³Q±O±þªºÀ¹¶ø¥§¥ð¡n(Dionysus Slain), trans.M.Muellner and L.Muellner (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press,1979)¡C¦b¦¹®Ñ¤¤§@ªÌÀ˵ø¤FÀ¹¶ø¥§¥ð¯«¸Ü¡A¦b¨ä¤¤¯«ªº¤p«Ä(the child god)³Q±O±þ¡B²iµN¥H¤Î¯M¯N¡AµM«á¥Ñ´£¼ª¤H(the Titans)¥[¥H­¹¥Î¡A¨ä¥Øªº¥u¦b©ó¯à°÷­«¥Í¡C¶øµá«H®{¤Î¹F­ô©Ô´µ«H®{¸Tµ´¦×­¹¦]¬°(³s¦P¨ä¥L²z¥Ñ)¦×­¹­«·s»s³y¤F´£¼ª¤Hªº¸o¹L¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡AÀ¹¶ø¥§¥ð¤Î¿ü¥§§J(Cynic)ªº¯«¸Ü¤ä«ùªÌ§â¥¦¬Ý¦¨¬O¥iºÙÆgªº©Úµ´¤å©ú¤§¦æ¬°¡CÀ¹«F¤]¤j½g´T¦a³B²z¤F¥Í­¹©Î¯N­¹¦×Ãþ»PµN­¹¦×Ãþªº®t§O¡A«áªÌ¥Nªí¤F¤@ºØ¸û°ª¯Åªº¬ü­¹¦V«×¡C

6. Herann Diels,Fragmente der Vorsokratiker¡]«eĬ®æ©Ô©³´Ý¤ù¡^, 4th ed. (Berlin,1922),I,271-72,´Ý¤ù128¸¹¡C

7. ¦P¤W¡AI,273,´Ý¤ù130¡C

8. ¦Pµù2¡A32-34­¶¡C

9. Alexander Pope, Essay on Man, ¢»,147-60¡C

10. ¡m§J©Ô´£©Ô´µ¡n(Cratylus)397,¡m¦@©M°ê¡n369¡C¡mªk«ß¡n²Ä¤T¨÷¡Aµ¥µ¥¡C¬f©Ô¹Ï¾ú¥vÆ[ªº¤@­Ó§¹¾ã³B²z¡A¨£©åµÛ¡m¬f©Ô¹Ïªº¾ú¥v­õ¾Ç¡n(Plato¡¦s Philosophy of History) ( Washington ., D.C. : University Press of America, 1981) «¢Ò± (Charles Hartshorne)¹ï¦¹®Ñ¤§µû½×¨£Process Studies 12 (1982) :201-2¡C

11. Plato¡¦s Philosophy of History,²Ä¤C³¹¡C

12. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ¡¨ Plato¡¦s Myth of the Statesman, the Ambiguities of the Golden Age and of History, ¡§Journal of Hellenic Studies XCV¢»(1978) : 132-41¡C

13. §Ú¥u¯à¦A¦¸¤Þ¾ÉŪªÌ°Ñ¦Ò©åµÛ¡m¬f©Ô¹Ïªº¾ú¥v­õ¾Ç¡n¡A­Y³o­Ó¥D±iÅã±o½×ÃÒ¤£¨¬¡C

14. ¦P«e¡A­¶48¡B121¡B134¡A¤×¨äÃö©ó¦b¡m´¶Ã¹¶ð­ô©Ô´µ¡n¹ï¸Ü¿ý¤¤¹ï©ó´¶Ã¹¦Ì¥ð´µªº³B²z¡C

15. Vidal-Naquet, ¡§Plato¡¦s Myth,¡¨ pp.133-34.

16. Marcel Detienne, ¡§Entre bates et Dieux,¡¨¡]³¥Ã~»P¯«¤§¶¡¡^ Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse VI (Autumn 1972) : 230-46¡C

17. ¨Ò¦p¡A½ÐŪ¤@ŪÃö©ó¶O«°1978¦~ªº ¡§MOVEÅG½×¡¨ (MOVE controversy)¡C

18. Vidal-Naquet, ¡§Plato¡¦s Myth,¡¨ p.135¡CÃö©ó¦w´£¿ü¥§´µ¡A¨£Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, §Æþ¤å³s¦PR.D.Hicks¤§­^Ķ¥»(New York : Putman,1925) VI,16-17;Ãö©óÀ¹¶ø©_¥§´µ(Diogenes),¨£Diogenes Laertius,VI,80.

19. ¨£Diogenes Laertius,VI,104.

20. ¹ï©ó¨f¤ó¦b¨ä¡m½×¼¦¼§¡n(Peri Eusebeias)¤@®Ñ¤¤«ä·Qªº´y­z¡A¨£»áµá¥ß¡m½×¸T­¹¡n¡AII¡A5-7¡C¤]¨£Vidal-Naquet, ¡¨Plato¡¦s Myth,¡¨ pp.132-33;°q´µ¹p¯S¡A¡m¥j¥Nªº¯À­¹¥D¸q¡n¡AI.8¡CÃö©ó§Ú¨Ï¥Î±ß´Á¥j¨å¸ê®Æ©ó²Ä¤G¤Î²Ä¤T³¹¤§¤¤¡A²{¦b¾A¦X©ó°µ¤@µû½×¡C§Ú¹ï¿ü¥§§J«H®{¡A¨f¶øµá´µ¶ð«ä¡A²Ã¥d­©´µ¡A¥H¤Î²¦¹F­ô©Ô´µ¾Ç¬£ªº³B²z¬Æ¦h¨Ì¿à©ó³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ¡C¦]¬°²¦¤ó¥¼¯d¤U¥ô¦óµÛ§@¡A¬G¦Ò¼{¥L®É¬YºØ¶¡±µªº¶i¸ô¬O»Ý­nªº;¦b¤U³¹¤¤§Ú­Ì±N¥i¨£¨ì§Ú¨Ï¥Î¤F¼Ð·Çªº¸ê®Æ¨Ó¸Ñ¶}¨ä¯À­¹¥D¸q¬°¦óª«¤§Á¼¡C³o¼Ë(¦b¥»³¹¤¤¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ)¨Ã¥¼³y¦¨¶Ë®`¡A¤Ï¦ÓÀò±o¤F³\¦h¡A¦]¬°³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ¤Ö¦³½Ä¬ð©ó§Ú©Ò¥Îªº¦h¼Æ¸ê®Æ----³o¨Ç¡u¤£¬O¡v±ß´Á¥j¨å®É´Áªº¡A¦ý¥¦­Ì¨£ÃÒ¤F¤@­Ó¯À­¹ªº¶Àª÷®É´Áªº¥j¥N«H¥õ¡G²ü°¨¡A»®§Æº¸¡A®¦°ö¨§§J§Q´µ¡A¬f©Ô¹Ï¡A¥v¶ð§B(Strabo)¡Aªü©Ô¤g´µ(Aratus)¡AÀ¹¶ø¨§©Ô´µ¡D¦èªô°Ç´µ(Diodorus Siculus)¡A¥H¤Î¶øºû(Ovid)¡A§Ú¤]¤¹³\´¶Ã¹´£¯Ç´µ(Plotinus)¬°¦Û¤v»¡¸Ü¡C³Ì«á¡A§Ú¨Ì¿à³Ì¦hªº±ß´Á¥j¨å¸ê®Æ¡A»áµá¥ßªº¡A«ê¥©¤ñ°_·R¶¢§èªºÀ¹¶ø©_¥§´µ¡D©Ô´£º¸´µ(Diogenes Laertius)ªº§ó¬°­È±o«H¿à¡C

21. »áµá¥ß¡A¡m½×¸T­¹¡nIV¡A2¡C¤]¨£Vidal-Naquet, ¡§Plato¡¦s Myth,¡¨p.132;¤Î°q´µ¹p¯S¡A¡m¥j¥Nªº¯À­¹¥D¸q¡n¡AI¡A8¡C

22. ¨£¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¡m­×Ãã¾Ç¡n(Rhetoric),1364A.

23. ¦³¨Ç¤H¦b²{¦bªºÅG½×¤¤¨Ã¤£°hÁYºÙ©I¤HÃþ¥Ø«e¹ï°Êª«ªº§ðÀ»¬°¾Ôª§¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¨£Clark, Moral Status of Animals,¯Á¤Þ¤¤¡¨¾Ôª§¡¨¤@¶µ¡C

24. Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism, pp.93-96

25. ¨£¦è¶ëù(Cicero), Tusculanae disputationes¡A I,10,21.¤]¨£De officiis,II,5,´Ý¤ù67.

26. §Ú¨Ï¥Î¡u¤ß²z¾Ç¡v³o­Ó¦r¬Û·í¦aÃP¥H­P¥]¬A¤F¨º¨Ç(¦p²Ã¥d­©´µ)§_©w¤ßÆF¦s¦bªº¤H¡C

27. Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism, p.93.

28. ¦P«e¡App.287-90.

29. Vidal-Naquet, ¡§Plato¡¦s Myth,¡¨ p.133.§Ú­Ì±oª¾¨Ì¥±©Ô´µ¹ïÁɦè¨È¤Hªº³B²z¬O¸g¥Ñ¥v¶ð§Bªº¡m¦a²z¾Ç¡n(Geography)¡AV£S,3.9¡C

30. Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism,p.133.¨£¡m¨Ì§Q¨È¼w¡n¡A3¤Î¨ä«á¡A¨º¸Ì©z´µ§â´L¶QªºÀ½¤û¨ÅªÌ(mare-milkers)¤Î³Ü¤û¨Åªºªü¤ñ¶ø¨Ì(Abioi)¬Ý¦¨¬O³Ì¥¿ª½ªº¤H¡C¤]¨£°q«ä¹p¯S¡A¡m¥j¥Nªº¯À­¹¥D¸q¡n¡AI¡A6.

31. Aratus, Phaenomena, 96-136.¨£Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism,pp.34-36.

32. ¤U­±³o­º¥Ñ¬Ã¡D§õ®æ(Jane Legge)©Ò¼gªº¸Ö»P¨ä»¡¬O¯À­¹ªº«Å¶Ç¤£¦p»¡¬O¹ï±Ð¨|ªº¤@¶µ§åµû¡C¥»¸Ö¥i¨£©óCora Diamond, ¡¨Eating Meat and Eating People,¡¨ Philosophy53 (1978) : 472-73.

 


¡@

Learning to be a Dutiful Carnivore

Dogs and cats and goats and cwos.

Ducks and chicken,sheep and sows

Woven into tables for tots.

Pictured on their walls and pots.

Time for dinner! Come and eat

All your lovely juicy meat.

One day ham from Percy Porker

(In the comics he¡¦s a corker)

Then the breast from Mrs. Cluck

Or the wing from Donald Duck

Liver next from Clara Cow

(No, it doesn¡¦t hurt her now)

Yes, that leg¡¦s from Peter Rabbit

Chew it well; make that a habit

Eat the creatures killed for sale.

But never pull the pussy¡¦s tail.

Eat the flesh from ¡§filthy hogs¡¨

But never be unkind to dogs.

 

¡Õ¾Ç¦¨¤@­ÓºÉ¾ªº¦×­¹±Ú¡Ö

ª¯°Ú¿ß°Ú¤û°Ú¦Ï

¤s¦Ï¥À½Þ¡AÂû©MÀn¤l

½s¦¨¤F¬G¨Æµ¹«Ä¤l

¶K¦b¤ôªM¡A°v¦bÀð¤W¡C

®É¶¡¨ì¤F¡A¨Ó¦Y±ßÀ\

³o¨Ç¦×Ãþ§A­Ì³ßÅw¡C

¤µ¤Ñ¦³½Þ¤p§Ìªº¤p»L¡A

(¥L¥i¬O¤j¤Hª«¡A¦bº©µe¸Ì¡C)

©ú¤Ñ¡A¦³Âû¤Ó¤Óªº¬ü¯Ý¡A

©ÎªÌ­ð¦ÑÀnªº¯Í»H¡C

¤U¦¸«K¬O¤û¤p©fªº¨xŦ¡A

(¨SÃö«Y¡A¦o¤w¤£µh¡C)

¾¾¡A³o¤j»L¨Ó¦Û¨ßÄ_Ä_

Åý¥¦¦¨¬°²ßºD¡A¦n¦n¦aÄZ¡A

¦Y¨º³Q®_ªº°Êª«¡A

¤£¥i©Ôªi´µ¿ß§À¤Ú¡A

«r¡¨Å¼½Þ¡¨ªº¦×¡A

¤£¯à²Ê¼É¡A¹ï¨º¨Çª¯¡C

Grow up into double-think

Kiss the hamster; skin the mink.

Never think of slaughter, dear.

That¡¦s why animals are here.

They only come on earth to die.

So eat your meat, and don¡¦t ask why.

Âù­«¼Ð·Ç¥²¶·¾Ç·|¡G

¿Ë§k­Ü¹«¡A­é¥h¶I¥Ö¡A

¿Ë·Rªº¡A§O·Q±O±þªº°ÝÃD¡A

§A­Ì¦Y¦×¡A§O°Ý¹D²z¡A

¨Ó¨ì¥@¤W¡A¨e­Ì¥u¬°¦º¤`¡A

³o¬O°Êª«ªº©R¹B

33.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, I,8.¨£Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism, pp.220-21.

34.³oºØ°ò©ó¦Û§Q©Î®£ÄߦӫإߪºªÀ·|«´¬ù¡A±q¡m¦@©M°ê¡n²Ä¤G¨÷¨ìùº¸´µ(Rawls)¦³º©ªøªº¾ú¥v¡C

35.¦p«e­±¤w«ü¥Xªº¡A¦³¨Ç¿ü¥§§J«H®{¤]¬O­t­±¦a¬Ý«Ý­ì©lªº¤HÃþ¡A¦ý¬O¥L­Ì¨Ã¥¼µø­ìªì¤§¤H¬°¯À­¹ªÌ¡C²ü°¨¹ïªi§Qµá¾¥´µ(Polypheus)ªºÆ[ÂI¥i¯à¬O¥t¤@­Ó¨Ò¥~¡A¦]¬°¿W²´¥¨¤Hªº°ê¤g¬O¦b¶Àª÷®É´Á¤§¤¤¡C

36.¨£Metamorphoses,I,76-215,¤ÎII,17;¤]¨£Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism, pp.43-50; ¤Î°q´µ¹p¯S¡A¡m¥j¥Nªº¯À­¹¥D¸q¡n¡AI,8¡C¥L´£¿ô§Ú­Ì¶øºû¬O­Ó·s²¦¹F­ô©Ô´µ¥D¸qªÌ¡C

37. J. Baird Callicott, ¡¨Animal Liberation, A Triangular Affair,¡¨ Environmental Ethics 2 (1980)¡G311-38¡C¬_¥ß§J¨Ì¾Ú¤Fªüº¸¼w¡D§õ¶ø´¶(Aldo Leopold)¡¨¤g¦a­Û²z¡¨ªºÆ[©À¡CÀ³¸Ó³Q«ü¥Xªº¬O¡GÁöµM¡u¥ÍºA¾Ç¡v¤@µü¨ã¦³§Æþ¤å¦r®Ú(oikos = ¦í¥Á¡ehabitat¡f;logos = ²z©Ê±´¨s)¡A§Æþ¤H«o¥¼´¿³Ð³y¥Xoikologiaªº¦r¡C¬O¤Q¤E¥@¬öªº³Õª«¥v®aű³y¦¹¦rªº¡C¨£J. Donald Hughes, ¡§Ecology in Ancient Greece,¡¨ Inguiry 18 (1975)¡G115-25¡C

38. John Passmore , ¡§The Treatment of Animals,¡¨ P.197.

39.¨£Lovejoy and Boas, Primitivism, p.43.

40.§Ú±qªü©i´µ§§(A.H. Armstrong)¨º¸Ì­É¥Î¤F³o­Ó¤ù»y¡C¨£¡m¤E¤§¼Æ¡nV.1.4 ; V.1.7 ¡FV.5.3©MV.8.13¡C

41.¨£¥v¤¦§Q¡D­ô±oùºû©_(Stanley Godlovitch)¦b¡m°Êª«¡A¤H»P¹D¼w¡n(Animals, Men, and Morals, ed. Stanley Godlovitch, Roslind Godlovitch, and John Harris)¤@®Ñ¤¤ªº¤å³¹¡A180¡ã90­¶¡C

42.¨£¬P¿A¡A¡m°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡n¡A96-170­¶¡C